@article {230,
	title = {Disentangling the phylogeny of Isoetes (Isoetales), using nuclear and plastid data},
	journal = {International Journal of Plant Sciences},
	volume = {177},
	year = {2016},
	pages = {157{\textendash}174},
	abstract = {Premise of research. The heterosporous lycopsids of Isoetes show limited morphological and genetic variation despite a worldwide distribution and the ancient origin of the lineage. Here major relationships within the genus are clarified, using a substantially larger sampling of species than in previous studies. A first assessment of divergence times of clades is made, and the implications for dispersal mechanisms and biogeographic distribution patterns are discussed. Methodology. On the basis of sequences from three gene regions and 109 specimens representing 74 species of Isoetes, phylogeny and node ages were estimated using parsimony and Bayesian inference. Pivotal results. Three rooting approaches (outgroup analysis, midpoint rooting, and clock rooting) coherently resolved a diverse clade containing species from South Africa, India, Australia, and South America (clade A) as sister to remaining Isoetes. Analysis of divergence times of clades yielded a median age of the crown group of 147 million years ago (mya) using a birth-death tree prior and 165 mya using a Yule tree prior. Clade A was dated to 111 or 125 mya, respectively. While the earliest divergences in Isoetes appear readily explained by ancient vicariance, patterns in younger clades are consistent with dispersal processes, sometimes over long distances. Isoetes andicola (Amstutz) L.D. G{\'o}mez, once hypothesized to represent a separate lineage and assigned to the genus Stylites, is here included in a phylogenetic study for the first time. It is closely related to some other South American species, despite its peculiar morphology with a dichotomizing stem. Conclusions. Despite limited intrageneric variation at the molecular and morphological levels, node ages as well as species composition (phylogeny) indicate a Mesozoic origin of the extant clade. Biogeographic patterns appear complicated and intriguing but need more research. Tuberculate megaspore ornamentation (sensu Pfeiffer) is ancestral in the genus, as indicated by current knowledge. Other megaspore patterns appear restricted to two subclades.},
	author = {Larsen, E. and Rydin, C.}
}
@article {103,
	title = {Basal meristem and root development in Isoetes asiatica and Isoetes japonica},
	journal = {International Journal of Plant Sciences},
	volume = {162},
	year = {2001},
	note = {Cited By (since 1996):3Export Date: 11 November 2013Source: Scopus},
	month = {2001///},
	pages = {1225 - 1235},
	abstract = {We studied the anatomy of the basal meristem and root development in Isoetes asiatica and Isoetes japonica to better understand the Isoetes rhizomorph, an enigmatic organ. The basal (root-producing) meristem of the rhizomorph is continuous with the lateral meristem, and both comprise a single meristem. The basal meristem with a layer of thin initials has both organogenetic and thickening meristem attributes. A combination of these attributes indicates that the basal meristem is distinctive among the vascular plant meristems, including cambium. The root primordia develop from young derivative cells organized in three to four radial fines, and their main body is composed of a three-layered apical meristem. The primordia, unlike the roots, produce a small number of derivative cells as well as a procambium and future root cap, and they do not form a cortex and epidermis. Prior to developing into roots, the primordia are shifted closer to the corm surface through further development of cortical tissues from the basal meristem and sloughing of surface cells. This unique developmental pattern is established through the subendogenous origin of the second embryonic root and the endogenous origin of the third root. The meristem and pattern of root development in Isoetes is compared with that indicated for the lepidodendrid and isoetalean rhizomorphs and contrasted with that in the Selaginella rhizophore. The comparison seems not to support the interpretation of the roots as leaf homologues.},
	keywords = {Cambium, Development, Isoetes, Lepidodendrids, Meristem, Rhizomorph, Rhizophore, Root},
	url = {http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-0034749638\&partnerID=40\&md5=1887916a18c476c09780d6d6ad7f78b6},
	author = {Yi, S.-Y. and Kato, M.}
}
@article {52,
	title = {Chloroplast DNA phylogeography of the Chinese endemic alpine quillwort Isoetes hypsophila hand.-mazz. (isoetaceae)},
	journal = {International Journal of Plant Sciences},
	volume = {169},
	year = {2008},
	note = {Cited By (since 1996):6Export Date: 11 November 2013Source: Scopus},
	month = {2008///},
	pages = {792 - 798},
	abstract = {We examined chloroplast trnL intron sequence variation within Isoetes hypsophila, a Chinese endemic alpine quillwort species. Sequence data were obtained from 46 individuals in six populations throughout the natural distribution of the species. Sequences appeared to have neutral evolution (Tajima{\textquoteright}s criterion D = -1.66453, 0.1 \&gt; P \&gt; 0.05; Fu and Li{\textquoteright}s test D* = -1:92897, 0.1 \&gt; P \&gt; 0.05; F* = -2.17823, 0.1 \&gt; P \&gt; 0.05). Eleven haplotypes were identified in I. hypsophila. A relatively high level of haplotype diversity (h = 0.817) and a low level of nucleotide diversity (π = 0:0045) were detected in I. hypsophila. Indirect estimates of gene flow based on cpDNA variation revealed significant genetic differentiation between the ZD1 population in Yunnan Province and the populations from Sichuan Province. High genetic differentiation between Yunnan and Sichuan populations was consistently indicated by both hierarchical analyses of molecular variance (AMOVA; GST = 0.5011) and the structure of a neighbor-joining tree. From nested clade analysis, restricted gene flow with isolation by distance was inferred to be responsible for the current spatial genetic structure of I. hypsophila. {\textcopyright} 2008 by The University of Chicago. All rights reserved.},
	keywords = {Alpine quillwort, cpDNA trnL intron sequence, Isoetes hypsophila, Nested clade analysis, Phylogeography},
	url = {http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-47649125533\&partnerID=40\&md5=8f27b208869f24aef198146456c288ea},
	author = {Chen, J.-M. and Liu, F. and Gituru, W.R. and Wang, Q.-F.}
}
@article {45,
	title = {Genetic diversity and population structure of diploid and polyploid species of isoetes in east asia based on amplified fragment length polymorphism markers},
	journal = {International Journal of Plant Sciences},
	volume = {170},
	year = {2009},
	note = {Cited By (since 1996):5Export Date: 11 November 2013Source: Scopus},
	month = {2009///},
	pages = {496 - 504},
	abstract = {Isoetes L. is critically endangered in areas of East Asia, including Taiwan, Japan, and South Korea. The genetic diversity and the population structure of six Isoetes species from East Asia were evaluated by using amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP). Three AFLP-selective primer combinations generated a total 923 amplification products, of which 919 (99.6\%) were polymorphic. The levels of genetic diversity of two diploid species (I. taiwanensis [percentage of polymorphic loci (PPL) = 33.1\%-38.3\%] and I. asiatica [PPL = 49.0\%]) are higher than those of polyploid species (tetraploid: I. jejuensis [PPL = 9.3\%-29.3\%] and I. hallasanensis [PPL = 22.3\%]; hexaploid: I. coreana [PPL = 1.6\%-20.6\%] and I. japonica [PPL = 5.6\%-20.5\%]). Higher genetic differentiation was detected for populations of I. coreana (0B = 0.730) than for the diploid species I. taiwanensis (0B = 0.074). In addition, analysis of molecular variance showed that a large proportion (79.8\%) of genetic differentiation existed among population of I. coreana. However, 93.2\% of the total genetic variation was attributed to differentiation within populations of I. taiwanensis. A neighbor-joining dendrogram resulted in three clusters, one for I. asiatica, one for I. japonica, and one for the rest of the species, subdivided into two: (1) I. taiwanensis/I. jejuensis and (2) I. coreana/I. hallasanensis. Furthermore, individuals from each population of I. coreana and I. jejuensis were clustered into population-specific subclusters. The probable causes of the current pattern of genetic variation and population structure are discussed, and suggestions on the future protection of Isoetes species are also given. {\textcopyright} 2009 by The University of Chicago. All rights reserved.},
	keywords = {AFLP, Diploid, Genetic diversity, Isoetes, Polyploid, Population structure},
	url = {http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-67649230633\&partnerID=40\&md5=794650fbe3653559e7cb90004dfa45c6},
	author = {Kim, C. and Shin, H. and Choi, H.-K.}
}
@article {23,
	title = {Microspore wall morphogenesis of isoetes piedmontana (pfeiffer) reed},
	journal = {International Journal of Plant Sciences},
	volume = {172},
	year = {2011},
	note = {Cited By (since 1996):1Export Date: 11 November 2013Source: Scopus},
	month = {2011///},
	pages = {856 - 861},
	abstract = {Microspore wall morphogenesis of Isoetes piedmontana was studied with SEM and TEM. The microspore wall consists of four layers: Perispore, paraexospore, exospore, and endospore. Immediately after meiosis, the paraexospore forms around the microspore. The exospore forms next between the cell membrane and the paraexospore. Finally, the perispore is deposited on the paraexospore, and the endospore is formed within the exospore. The paraexospore, exospore, and endospore are largely derived from the cytoplasm of the microspore. The sporopollenin materials of the perispore are derived from the secretory tapetal cells along the inner sporangial wall. {\textcopyright} 2011 by The University of Chicago. All rights reserved.},
	keywords = {Endospore, exospore, Lycophyta, Microspores, Paraexospore, perispore},
	url = {http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-84860412528\&partnerID=40\&md5=f17f8f91543e8f1bcb906784afc23b4c},
	author = {Al-Arid, K. and Bray, R.D. and Musselman, L.J.}
}
